中国水利

农业用水占我国总用水量的60%以上，农业节水是强化水资源刚性约束的关键举措，尤其在水资源较为短缺的粮食增产主要潜力区。通过解析农业节水内涵，总结新时期节水内涵主要为处理好农业节水与粮食产能提升用水需求、农田生态系统、开源增供之间的关系，提出新时期农业节水理念。系统分析我国耕地面积、粮食产量、高标准农田建设及耕地后备资源等情况，科学识别出我国粮食增产主要潜力区为东北及西北地区。基于水-土-粮-生协同发展的农业节水特性，开展粮食增产主要潜力区现状分析及问题识别，发现存在新质生产力发挥不充分、农业节水科技推广应用与技术服务体系不够完善，水-土-粮关系不匹配、粮食生产布局与水资源分布不均衡，水-土-生关系不协调、农业过度开发加重区域水资源短缺、引发生态环境等问题。结合未来对粮食产能、生态修复及全面节约集约的形势需求，提出发展绿色、高效、智慧农业，东北地区节水增粮提档升级，西北地区深度节水控水，推进节水与开源并举，为我国粮食增产主要潜力区发展规划、行业政策制定及水资源管理水平提升提供科学决策支撑。

Agricultural water use accounts for over 60% of the total water consumption in China, making agricultural water conservation a crucial measure for reinforcing the rigid constraints on water resources,particularly in key potential areas for grain production increase where water scarcity is more pronounced. By analyzing the connotation of agricultural water conservation, this study highlights that the focus in the new era lies in balancing water conservation practices with the water demand for enhancing grain production capacity,maintaining farmland ecosystems, and expanding water supply sources. A new concept of agricultural water conservation is proposed accordingly. Based on a systematic analysis of cultivated land area, grain yield,high-standard farmland development, and reserve land resources, the key potential areas for grain production increase have been identified as the northeastern and northwestern regions of China. Considering the integrated development of water, land, grain, and ecology, the study analyzes the current status and identifies key issues in these areas, including underutilization of new quality productive forces, inadequate promotion and service systems for water conservation technologies, mismatched water–land–grain relationships, uneven alignment between grain production layout and water availability, and poor coordination among water, land, and ecology, leading to aggravated water shortages and ecological risks due to excessive agricultural development. In response to future demands for grain productivity, ecological restoration, and comprehensive conservation and intensive utilization,strategies are proposed to develop green, efficient, and smart agriculture, to upgrade water-saving and grain production capabilities in the northeast, and to intensify water conservation and control in the northwest. These strategies aim to support planning, policymaking, and water management enhancement in key potential areas.