中国水利

我国已建成全球规模最大的库坝体系，水库大坝在防洪、发电、通航、供水等方面发挥了不可替代的作用。然而，大量早期建设的库坝工程服役时间长、对运行环境和功能需求变化的适应性不够；超标准洪水增大了土坝溃决风险；快速城镇化加大了“城市头顶一盆水”的库坝潜在风险；同时，水库淤损、生态环境影响以及非常规安全风险等也带来严峻挑战。安全大坝、生态大坝、智能大坝是应对新挑战的库坝发展新理念，具有内在的历史逻辑、理论逻辑和现实逻辑。安全层面，需从传统工程安全拓展至系统安全层次，通过功能评估、韧性提升与除险加固等提升风险防控能力；生态层面，要求通过工程和非工程措施，最大限度减小工程对河流生态系统的负面影响，并主动发挥其防洪减灾、调水调沙等正向生态效益；智能层面，应加快库坝透彻感知、智能运维、智能诊断和自主决策的技术突破，建设数字孪生库坝系统，实现库坝全生命周期的数智化管控。未来，需要从保障国家水安全的战略高度，统筹推进安全-生态-智能库坝建设与运维，为流域防洪工程建设、国家水网工程建设及复苏河湖生态环境等提供坚实基础。

China has established the world's largest reservoir and dam system, in which reservoirs and dams play irreplaceable roles in flood control, power generation, navigation, and water supply. However, a large number of projects constructed in the early stages feature long service life and insufficient adaptability to changes in operating environments and functional requirements. Floods exceeding design standards increase the risk of earth dam failure, while rapid urbanization poses greater potential risk to the reservoirs and dams described as “a basin of water over cities”. Meanwhile, reservoir sedimentation, ecological and environmental influences, and unconventional safety risks pose severe challenges. The concepts of safe dams, ecological dams, and smart dams represent the new development philosophy for addressing the emerging challenges, possessing their inherent historical, theoretical, and practical logic. From a safety perspective, it is necessary to expand from traditional engineering safety to system safety level, and enhance risk prevention and control capacity via functional assessment, resilience improvement, and risk mitigation and reinforcement. From the ecological perspective, both engineering and non-engineering measures are required to minimize the adverse effect of projects on river ecosystems, while proactively giving play to the positive ecological benefits of reservoirs and dams, such as flood control and disaster reduction, and water-sediment regulation. From the intelligence perspective, greater efforts should be made to achieve technological breakthroughs in comprehensive perception, intelligent operation and maintenance, intelligent diagnosis, and autonomous decision-making of reservoirs and dams, and digital twin reservoir-dam systems should be established to enable the digital and intelligent management of reservoirs and dams throughout the entire life cycle. In the future, from the strategic height of ensuring national water security, it is necessary to coordinate the construction, operation, and maintenance of safe, ecological, and smart reservoirs and dams to provide a solid foundation for the construction of basin flood control projects, the development of national water networks, and the restoration of river and lake ecosystems.